Management information resource

Introduction The IT industry is among the fastest growing avenues of business and investment. It also bears an equal measure of risk and volatility and therefore requires informed and competent decision-making. The objective of any business is to make profit and this depends on the strategy adopted in managing and hedging against costs while keeping a reasonable margin of quality. It therefore falls upon the cio officer to make appropriate choices in as far as making or buying a product or service or constituent factor of production.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Management information resource specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literature review Companies and industrial scientists have developed and recommended various schemes and approaches to the build or buy decisions. These have been all based on the situational analysis of each proponent hence making their strategies limited to a specific situation . Therefore, there is no foolproof method or formula to the issue. However, it is common ground among all these proposals as to the factors that a manager should consider before making a build or buy decision. In line with the profit-making objective of the firm, the manager should evaluate the economic benefit of the existing or proposed outsourcing option. Clearly, the economic aspect lies heavily to influence the manager’s decision in as far as buying or making. The manager should obviously consider the cheaper of the options for implementation. This factor is however to be considered alongside other factors. If he chooses to go fro an out sourcing option, he should also consider if the outsourcing option can be r negotiated in future. If the manager decides to go for an in sourcing option he needs to consider the costs involved in transitioning from the buy to the build option. If tit is the first time, the manager needs to evaluate the decommissioning costs of the buildi ng option. A build option also means that there will be an interruption in the IT resources within the organization and therefore a need for a re-evaluation of the department. Undeniably, both options have their own benefits besides the cost. The outsourcing option for instance guarantees variety and quality since the outsourcing firms invest a lot of talent and expertise in the creation and provision of the product or service. A build option on the other hand is a cheaper option in the long run since it reduces the dependency of the business to external factors. It therefore gives the business a competitive advantage by allowing it to alter the product to suit emerging trends at little or no cost. The manager should also evaluate the growth prospects of the build option in as far as talent expansion and growth. Keeping all these in mind the general trend among companies has been to maintain equilibrium between their build and buy options. This involves outsourcing secondary service s and building primary functions. This allows the firm to balance the level of external dependency while still making the best of the outsourcing optionsAdvertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discussion Designing and Building infrastructure is a costly and lengthy process. In an organization that has an existing outsourcing option, would consider the odds of switching from the existing option against the building option. The building of infrastructure also attracts a competitive advantage to the business and therefore is the more viable of option. If the infrastructure is pat of a primary function then I would go for a build option Customer support is a secondary service to an infrastructure and therefore would be cheaper if bought from a vendor. This reduces the workforce involved in the infrastructure and cuts on costs. It is a growing aspect of the infrastructure that needs constant expansion and growth. The outsourcing option can always be renegotiated in the future (Buxbaum 2002, pp5-16). Infrastructure maintenance is a recurrent cost in the organization. It affects the primary functions of the infrastructure and therefore should be internally sourced. It is cheaper and reliable if in sourced due to the effect on operations Infrastructural upgrades are accessories that can always be replaced. The upgrades provided by a vendor have more quality and skill invested in them. It would therefore be preferable to purchase them from a vendor. Decommissioning of infrastructure can go either way and therefore depends n the cost of either buying the service or performing it from within the organization. In most cases, however most firms prefer an in-house decommissioning option due to the value attached to the resultant salvage value. The market for applications has gown greatly over the years especially due to the onset of android and cloud computing tec hnologies. It has therefore received heavy investment by interested parts and development partners. The outsourcing option for applications has proven profitable and convenient since there are numerous application developers who have driven the outsourcing cost down. I would therefore consider adopting an outsourcing option in the short run. Customer service for applications goes to the primary function of applications and therefore requires in-house attention control and regulation. In effect, I would prefer an in-house customer service strategy to ensure that the organization has a firm grasp of the operation of the organizations customer base.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Management information resource specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Maintenance of applications is also an important aspect of application services. The organization therefore has a competitive advantage if it has its own personaliz ed maintenance strategy since the risk of an in effective maintenance mechanism is far too high. It also allows the organization to identify and grow talent for future design purposes. The development and improvement of an application requires an independent perspective. Developing upgrades from an in-house source limits the creativity and diversity. Outsourcing firms also invest a lot of resources and funds in developing new upgrades and therefore present the better option in as far as upgrades are concerned. Since the preferred design and development method is an outsourcing option, it follows that the decommissioning of application is best done by an outsourcing firm or vendor. This saves the organization the overhead costs that accrue to decommissioning (McCall 2010, pp 13-29). Conclusion It is important to establish equilibrium in the strategy adopted while keeping a clear hedge between the implications and benefits of each option. The outsourcing option has however grown treme ndously and continues to present pertinent advantages and alternatives to firms. References Buxbaum, Peter. Bringing IT back home. [2002]. Retrieved from: https://www.computerworld.com/article/2576557/bringing-it-back-home.html McCall, Owen. Insource, Outsource, Everything as a Service. [2010]. Retrieved from: https://www.cio.com/article/2418837/insource–outsource–everything-as-a-service.html This research paper on Management information resource was written and submitted by user Juniper Holmes to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jump SHip to Freedom essays

Jump SHip to Freedom essays This book was about slavery and Arabus who wanted to be free and not have to answer to his slave master Ivers who treated him like dirt. It is hard to compare Arabus and me because there is not much in common between us. One thing we have in common is that we both believe that African Americans should not be discriminated apart from white people. Something that we dont have in common is that his father is dead and mine We both have determination. Arabus was trying to become free by stealing his Fathers soldiers notes and then sailing with Ivers all the way to New York and then jumping off and swimming away from Ivers so he could find his fathers old friend and trading in his dads notes for money and then he could by his freedom and then buy his mothers freedom. I have never had to fight for my freedom but I think I would have the determination to fight for my freedom. We can both swim well. He proves he is a good swimmer when he jumps off the ship and swims away to get to New York. I have never proved Im a good swimmer by swimming away. People know I can swim well because they have seen me swim at the pool. I dont think that I could swim away for as long as he did. The last thing that I will compare is the fact that he lost his dad when he was really young and I still have mine. His dad was a soldier that was fight and his ship sunk and was African American . My dad is not a soldier and he is not There are differences but I think we could be friends if we were the same age because we have the same morals. What we dont have in common are little things that ...

Atlantic Slave Trade

The Atlantic slave trade, between the fifteenth and the nineteenth centuries, was the largest forced migration in the history of mankind. This migration was distinct from others of the kind, in terms of its begrudging nature, record breaking mortality rates and the alienation of generations from their roots. This essay aims to explore the various factors that led to the development of Atlantic slave trade political, technological, social and economic.It also analyses the profitability of the trade from the viewpoint of the various stakeholders entangled in this epic trade network kings, slave traders and dilemma, planters and ordinary consumers. POLITICAL FACTORS The yearning of the Europeans especially Portuguese, Spanish, British and the Dutch for exploration, colonization and imperialism was a major factor in expanding the slave trade networks in the Atlantic. As discussed by Timothy P.Grady in the book The Atlantic World 1450-2000, explorers from Portugal, Spain and other European nations expanded the geographic knowledge southward along the coast of Africa and westward across the Atlantic shores of the Americas . The urge for this exploration was triggered by the fall of Constantinople in May 1943, the last vestige of the Roman Empire, to the Muslim Turks which shook the fortitude of the European countries and the Christian faith. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire around the Mediterranean region deprived European merchants of the lucrative trade routes along the Silk Road to the East. The threat of lost communication and trade routes across the Mediterranean into China, India and other regions of eastern Asia and lost access to silk and other precious commodities carried along this route, forced Europeans to explore alternate trade routes to Asia by turning westward for new opportunities. Discovery of new routes west of Europe through the Atlantic, led to European arrival off West coast of Africa in the late fifteenth century.By mid seventeenth century, the coast line of West Africa was infiltrated by fifty forts and slave trading posts of competing European countries Portugal, Spain, Britain, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany dividing the coastline into -? Ivory Coast, Gold Coast and Slave Coast. The political set up in Africa also facilitated slave trade. Africa was divided into a number of small and l arge states, chieftains and independent villages each with their own form of government, religion, customs and radiations. These territories often fought with each other and the captives of war were taken as slaves. Such conflicts were justified wars which according to Warren. C. Whitley was natural struggles Of nation building conducted in the normal course of affairs. The captives referred to as joint-products of war or stolen goods were then exported. With the advent of the Europeans, domestic conflicts became slave raids. As Robin Law asserted, the Kingdom of Doomed dominated the slave raiding and trading from 1 715 to 1850. Their kings held a royal monopoly on the trade and conducted slave aids through their armies. Thus the political ambitions of the European and African monarchy led to the development of the slave trade. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS The developments in technology and its impact on navigation, ship building, and firearms aided the growth in Atlantic slave trade. Navigation The desire for exploration spurred European scholars, navigators and sailors to expand their knowledge of geography and devise new ways of charting and mapping their journeys. Increased use of the hour glass and logs to measure time and distance and the Portola charts clearly documented navigation.In 1462, the Portuguese navigators devised methods of figuring out latitudes by measuring the height of the Pole Star above the horizon. Later in 1484, astronomers in the court of King Jiao II, using the midday sun to figure latitudes, produced a set Of declination tables. Under the patronage of prince Henry of Portugal, other significant developments were made in the study of winds, tides and ocean currents; documents fro m previous explorations were compiled and maps and charts were continuously improved. Thus a good number of problems associated with navigation were resolved by late fifteenth century.As navigation across the great oceans became manageable, the transportation of the slaves between the continents Europe, Africa and America became less complicated. Ship Building The changes to the design and functionalities of the European ships were another major factor that contributed to the expansion of Atlantic slave trade. Between the fourteenth and mid- nineteenth centuries, sailing ships were the main means of transport of the slaves. These sailing ships kept changing over time in terms of design, fittings, equipments and materials used as sail. SE of here to four masts, sturdy hull, square latten and sprit sails, and stern rudder enhanced their sailing power, speed and eased control of the ships in wild weather conditions. Small ships such as the caravel, highly unbearable ships introduced in the fifteenth century encouraged the Portuguese to explore regions around West Afric an coast such as Senegal and Cape Verve and Canary islands to secure staples, gold and slaves. Other ships designed by Portuguese for travel in the Atlantic Ocean were the cracks, four master ships and the galleon, heavily armed multi deck sailing ships.The ships also ere in size and multi decks were able to accommodate larger number of slaves. The mean tonnage of the slave ships from Liverpool in 1730 was 75 tons. This increased to 130 tons in 1 790 and 226 tons in 1805. Weapons The supremacy of Europe in the slave trade was driven by its guns, cannons and restraints. They used a variety of weapons to threaten the slaves and the enemy ships at sea, to maintain control both on land and at sea. The diffusion of the new gunpowder technology accelerated the slave trade. The African communities, threatened by armed neighbors, resorted to trading the patties for gunpowder, guns and muskets.In the words of Warren. C. Whitley, the vicious cycle, a raid or be raided arms race known as the Gun- Slave-Cycle was created. The replacement of the ineffective matchlock musket by the flintlock nil 6805, drastically increased firearms demand in West Africa. According to J. E. Nikkei, the firearms imported from England during the eighteenth century were between 283,000 and 394,000 guns per annum. The demand for firearms from West Africa was so high that manufacturing companies such as Farmer and Gallon were forced to pressurize their workers to increase production.The demand for firearms was matched by supply of slaves. The developments in restraining technology aided the slave trade in terms of terrorizing the slaves and reducing escapes. The restraints used in the trade included, neck restraints, iron collars linked by chains, tongue restraints and leg and wrist shackles to trammel movement. The ability to stow more slaves per cubic foot of the ship, ability to navigate better around the coast Of Africa, the reduction in escapees due to draconian restraints, and the organization of forts around the coast to lodge the captives helped to reduce costs and promote trade.SOCIAL FACTORS African Demand for goods from Europe The introduction of a wide range of consumption goods in West Africa, the possession officio was a matter of social status and power, was another factor leading to the development of Atlantic slave trade. The African demand for iron and copper bars, textiles, salt, earthenware, weapons and firearms, rum, wine, gin and cowries shells and a variety of both European and oriental goods had a profound impact on slave trade. The demands for these goods were so high that the European suppliers could not cope with the increased demand.J. E. Nikkei commented that firearms and textiles were in such high demand by the slave traders that they were not prepared to clear their slave cargo, if they were not satisfied with the quantity of supply of these items of trade. The merchants were willing to trade their morality to capture slaves in exchange for European goods. Alan Rice clearly identifies this when he asserts, The desire for luxury goods was so great that these African elites would consign war captives and domestic slaves to an unknown fate across the ocean in exchange for them. Growth in Slave trading institutions Growth in social institutions to perform a more organized slave trade was a key factor in Atlantic slave trade. The increase in demand and prices of slaves encouraged the development of various institutions to address the issues associated with the trade capture, enslavement, seasoning, trade, regulations and taxation. The merchants explored new ways of trapping the slaves deception, kidnapping, ambush attacks, promoting conflicts between villages and the pretence of family substitution for the runaways.The kidnap of Aloud Equation in asses in his words, One day when all our people were one out to their works as usual and only I and my sister were left to mind the house, two men and woman got over our walls and in a moment seized us both And ran off with us into the nearest wood. The drought and famine in Africa due to marginal rainfalls in the Savannah areas Angola and the grasslands extending from Assignment to Cameron, forced despoiling families to sell themselves. People were too poor to survive and offered themselves as collateral for credits.Non repayment made them slaves. Development of enforcement mechanisms also encouraged the slave trade. Credit was offered to slave traders to cover costs of acquiring transporting and housing slaves until they were boarded on the ships. Other types of such mechanisms, described by Warren. C. Whitley were the use of factories and forts as holding pens and warehouses, African canoe houses and other trade coalitions, secret societies and treaties between European and African nations.The cycle of violence to hunt down the slaves continued leading to an upsurge in slave trade The decline in population in the Americas This was another important factor that led to the development of Atlantic slave trade. With the European colonization of the Americas, there was a growth in mining and plantations in the islands between North and South America and the labor demands were met by native Indians. The massive mortality rates of the natives due to poor working conditions and new European and African diseases such as measles, small pox, the plague, influenza, malaria and yellow fever led to decline in the population of Americas.Figure 1 presents data on the drastic decline in population in Americas which led to a decline in labor. The Europeans now turned to the Negroes in Africa for l abor. They soon found that the African slaves were more productive and the output quadrupled. Shiploads of slaves were exported to work in these American islands and soon the slave trade was transformed from a marginal institution to a global phenomenon. ECONOMIC FACTORS Growth in Plantations The development of Atlantic slave trade stemmed from the growth in plantation agriculture such as sugar, cotton, tobacco, tea and rice in the New World.The demand for plantation workers in sixteenth century Brazil, seventeenth century Caribbean and nineteenth century Cuba instigated slave supply from Africa. The intensity of the growth in plantations could be seen in small islands like Barbados. By 1650 Barbados had 300 plantations which multiplied to 900 by 1670, a rate of 100% per annum. The growing demand for sugar, multiplying at a compound rate of 5% per annum in the seventeenth century to about 10% in the nineteenth century, increased the demand for African slaves to work in the sugar plantations in the New World lands.As H. Hoboes puts it, nonfood became responsible for the Fractionation of the Caribbean. This small group of islands accounted for 80% of the sugar and slave trade until the eighteenth century. The slave labor for majority of these plantations was secured from Africa through the Atlantic. As plantations became the expanded into a global trade network, so did the Atlantic slave trade. Slave Trade and Profitability There were various groups of stakeholders in the Atlantic Slave trade who participated in it due to the profitability from the trade in slaves.African Rulers profited in terms of taxes and custom duties paid by the European merchants. They were given the first choice of any merchandise that was brought into Africa for trade and were able to bargain lower prices for these goods. The rulers also commanded premium prices for their own slaves. They also received considerable gifts from the merchants in order to secure preferential trading agreements. Idaho, a coastal town in Benign, West Africa was a strong European trading post since 1720 and was accessed by forty to fifty European trading vessels per year.Hence the ruler who started off with ten slaves in exchange for opening his market in 1 700 was able to command a higher price of twenty slaves by 1720. This was in addition to the privileges in the purchase or sale of the commodities which included the slaves as well. According to Miles Osborn, by 18005 the rulers in Africa Were able to obtain goods for each slave worth three or four times as much in 1700. Both African and European slave traders were paid well. Overwhelmed by the profits from slave exports, wealthy merchants both in Africa and Europe, expanded slave trading networks to prodigious numbers.Figure 2 analyses changes in supply by African slave merchants in response to changes in prices. The data reveals that the supply increased as price increased. Hence, the largest emigration of slaves in the eighteenth century can be attributed to the increase in price from E 14 to EYE. Between the years 1 779 and 1788, there was a decrease in demand for slaves due to the War of American Independence. This created excess supply of slaves in the African coast. Hence the planter in Americas started restocking their slave supply. The European slave traders capitalized on this by securing supply at cheaper prices from Africa and selling higher prices in the Americas; thereby making abnormal profits between these years. Thus slave trade allowed African and European slave traders to maximize profits from the trade. The consumers of Europe profited in terms of cheaper commodity prices due to increased output by African slaves in the plantations. Figure 3 presents data on the production of sugar and tobacco by British colonies.The increased volume of production of these commodities reduced their prices much to the favor of European consumers. Tobacco which fetched twenty to forty shillings In 1619 was sold for a shilling or less while the price of sugar halved be;en 1 630 and 1680. Thus the consumers were able to enjoy the luxury of these commodities at affordable prices. The planters were another group of stakeholders in the trade who profited in their own way. Labor became heap and more available due to Atlantic Slave trade.The planters always worked with a motive of profitable exploitation of the factors of production, especially labor and work was dictated by discipline and violence. Successful planters were able to create immense wealth and have extravagant lifestyles. While the slaves slogged day and night in the plantations, the owners were able to retreat in the Great Houses built on commanding positions, with beautiful gardens, imported china, furniture and furnishings. The fortune and lifestyle of Sir Charles price, the largest land and slave owner of Jamaica teen 1 738 and 1772 demonstrates the height of planter lifestyles. The Decoy, the Great House he built was a mansion with magnificent rooms with mirrors and wood carving in the dcore, lakes and parks around the house and elegant gardens with fruits, flowers and vegetables. CONCLUSION This essay has clearly illustrated the factors that led to the development of the Atlantic Slave trade. Penthouse the political set up in Europe and Africa and the growth in plantations laid the foundation for the trade, it was the technological developments and social influences on the Europeans and Africans that took the trade to global heights.Overall, the technological improvements lowered transport, handling and shipping costs enabling the achievement of economies of scale. Similarly, the growing demand for goods from Europe in Africa, the growth in slave trading institutions and the decline in Americas population fostered the slave trade. Finally, the profitability from the trade influenced various groups of stakeholders to become intensely involved making it an international trade spanning four continents and altering their social, economic and political composition.

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Paraphrase - Essay Example The hospital must maintain social relationship with the society through increased motivation between patients and the system’s connotation as well as being apprehensive to the entire community it serves. Organizations often change their management strategies, when this happens, the affected organizations must adapt new working environment. Before initiating these changes, the management must ensure it has effective back up plans to the changes in order to evade challenges that might lead to collapse of the entire organization. Moreover, it is vital for the management to examine the magnitude of effects that the intended changes are likely to cause to the organization. Therefore, the organization needs to implement these changes gradually. For instance, implementation of new software requires adept communication to the hospital and effectively to all the departments to be affected by the plan. Proper aims and objectives for the change must be communicated to the employees. The incongruence Points must to be identified and plans for alignment made (Wenderoth, 2008). Finally, proper training should be offered to the employees who are to use the software need. This must be done to ensur e that they can operate these new systems effectively and efficiently. The training of the employees must follow an organized scheduled as in the Table 4 below. A quarterly evaluation on the post implementation review of the project should be carried out on project’s plans. This ensures that a proper evaluation on general effects of the installation of the software on the working environment of the hospital is determined. Such evaluations ensure that the software attained the intended organizational effectiveness thereby raising its standard. Therefore, the Progress in attainment these objectives should also be monitored. The Post Implementation Review (PIR) is an effective project evaluation plan that may be applied in this project evaluation. The software evaluation

Racism in America Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Racism in America Today - Essay Example Americans still  display  racism, which indicates how deep racism  still  is in the American society. Indeed, Americans have a  big  move  to  make  before they can eliminate this problem from their social  fabric. Racism, as a societal vice within the fabric of the American society, can be traced to the humble beginnings of the United States, when the people organized a  perpetual  hierarchy of  oppressive  efforts. These oppressive constructions  were meant  to  keep  each American – both first comers and new comers like the slaves – subservient to the authority of another above them. This  oppressive  hierarchy can be traced to the demands of the King of England for  goods  from the Jamestown elite, who  entirely  manipulated the  white  frontiersman. ... ps, the ruling class resolved to end the alliance.  This was the case, as they felt that it would eventually  grow  strong  to  the level  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ that it would be able to  overthrow  the  rule  of the King and the elite group. As a  move  to  break  the alliance, the ruling class moved to  separate  the whites from everyone else – which they did – through giving more opportunities in the form of better treatment and land resources to the white servants.  The move worked; therefore,  the working whites abandoned the  rebellious  movements for the favorable treatment.  As a result, the two groupings have had problems working together up to date (Zinn  37). Coming to the incidence of Racism in the American  society  in modern times, it should be noted that Racist moves and behaviors are still as prevalent as they were ages ago, but are more subtle.  At present, people are clearly – more aware and less  apt  to be overtly racist, when there are laws against such acts.  For instance, hate crimes  are considered  as inhumane and punishable by the law, as other racist conducts. Instead, racists have become more organized. For example, in the year 2011, there was a  tremendous  increase  in new memberships to white supremacist associations. This is according to the ‘Southern Poverty law Center,’ which assumes the role of tracking the operations of supremacist organizations in the U.S. They have documented that the number of members by up to 48% since the year 2000. Further, the  principal  white supremacist group operating in America, by name,  Stormfront, runs a racist forum. Through the forum, white supremacists  post  systematic  attacks on the whites of Jewish origin. In such forums, they use the name  Ã¢â‚¬ËœJew’ as a term of race. For example, on a discussion

Egypt’s Culture and Political System Essay Example for Free

Egypt’s Culture and Political System Essay The Egyptian culture is considered one of the oldest cultures in human history. Surprisingly, it almost has some of gender equality except that it needs more to consider, in order achieving the third Millennium Development Goal, which talks of achieving gender equity/equality and women empowerment by 2015. I would recommend that the Egyptian constitution considers enacting and/or passing several legislations in favor of women and as well give recognition to the informal market sector, where bulks of the women are making meaningful contribution to the economy. I would also recommend that this ancient nation and culture acknowledges the home, where the men considerably have all the major decision making powers. I am of the conviction that women make sound and major decisions as well and can provide better and transformation ideas, realizing the remarkably undeniable work of the women of Liberia during the civil war. I believe that if our generation begins to identify the errors of past generations, relative to gender-related issues, and if we address those issues in more formal ways by beginning to give women their rightful places in society; ensuring that opportunities and privileges are equally and equitably distributed, our world can be the most enjoyable place even for generations unborn. In an effort to do this, we must begin with an identification of the problems as stated above, discuss them thoroughly as a way of enabling us to craft or design ideas that would amicably resolve them for the better of our general world, beginning with the Egyptian society. In Egypt the political system of policies and regulations of its political structure is based on its fundamental laws and practices. Most of which shows how the Egyptian government positions its power on the state and the society it governs. Egypt started out being a Republic adopting a democratic system. This system  defines the way i n which it uses its public authority. There are basically six parts to this system. The first is the constitutional system. There was a constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt in 1971 that was used but then had a written amendment to it in 1980. The actual amendment had commonality in the English Common Law which came from the Napoleonic Code. It simply explains that Egypt declares it’s self as an Arab Republic with a democratic system. The second part is called the Executive Branch. The president is called the Head of State. The head of state is selected by a minimum one-third majority of the Majlis ash-Sha’ab, which is the â€Å"People’s Assembly. The People’s Assembly must approve by a minimum of two-thirds and have to be elected by a majority referendum. The election term is for six years with the possibility for re-election with conditional reasons for return. Putting into to play the general state policy is made up and supervised by the Head of State. He also rules the Armed Force. The last elected president of the republic was Mohammed Hosni Mubarak. The supreme executive and administrative organ of the State is the government; they are comprised of the Council of Ministers. This is ruled by the Prime Minister and he is the overseer of the work of the government. The highest part of the government is the Executive and administrative part of the Egyptian Republic is the Council of Ministers. The Ministers are together responsible for the policy and procedure of the State before the Peoples Assembly, every Minister is responsible for the performance of his Ministry and is held to accountability to do so. The Parliament has great power as well. They have the power to withdraw confidence from the Cabinet or from any Cabinet member and leave them powerless. The fourth part of this system is the Legislative Branch. This branch of the Egyptian Parliament is a reflection in character and consists of the Peoples Assembly, or Majlis El-Shaab and the Advisory Council or Majlis El-Shourah. â€Å"The Peoples Assembly is the legislative branch of the State consisting of 444 directly elected members and 10 members appointed by the President, who serve for a term of five years. It has the power to approve the general policy, new laws, the budget and the development plans of the government. It also has the authority to undertake investigations and to levy taxes, besides appointing the Presidential candidate and passing a vote of no-confidence in the cabinet. The Advisory Council with 140 members, out of which 70 members  are nominated by the President, is Egypts consultative council. It offers advices and consultation and proposes to the Assembly new laws and regulations† (Haas, F. 2008). The fifth part of the system is the Judicial Branch. The Judicial branch System was brought into the country introduced into the country in 1854 and predicated on the English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes system to go through for four categories of courts of justic e. Almost like the United States the highest judicial body is the Supreme Constitutional Court, the Court of Cessation. There are seven courts of Appeal in the various systems, and the Summary Tribunals in the districts are the principal court system in Egypt. It guarantees the independence of the judicial system. The fifth system is the Party of Power. This system is ruled on a multi-party system. â€Å"The Law 40 of 1977 regulates the development of political parties in Egypt. Though there is currently 17 active political parties representing various stands across the political spectrum, the law prohibits the creation of religious-based political parties in the state. Presently the National Democratic Party holds the majority of seats in the Peoples Assembly† (History. 2012). The sixth system is the local government. This is headed by a Governor who is appointed by the President which is very different as to how they are selected in the US. â€Å"Egypt is administratively divided into 26 Governorates. Within their districts, local government units establish and run all public utilities, prov ide services and designate industrial areas. Working closely at various levels with local government is the Local Popular Councils. The basics: Egypt is a large, mostly Arab, mostly Muslim country. At around 80 million people, it has the largest population in the Middle East and the third-largest in Africa. Most of Egypt is in North Africa, although the part of the country that borders Israel, the Sinai Peninsula, is in Asia. Its other neighbors are Sudan to the South, Libya to the West, and Saudi Arabia across the Gulf of Aqaba to the East. It has been was ruled by Hosni Mubarak since from 1981 until February 11th†( Pew Research Center 2011, November 17). As to what is going on today in Egypt. There has been fierce protest in Egypt that has been promoted by the recent protests in which led to the fall of the Tunisian government as well as getting rid of longtime Tunisian dictator Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. The Egyptians have gathered momentum to get support of other protesters across the Arab world in Algeria, notably in  protesting their autocratic governments, high levels of corruption, and grinding pove rty. This is a big reason Why Egyptians unhappy and disturbed about the government. They feel they have no basic freedom than Tunisians. â€Å"Egypt is ranked 138th of 167 countries on The Economists Democracy index, a widely accepted measure of political freedom. That ranking puts Egypt just seven spots ahead of Tunisia. And Egyptians are significantly poorer than their cousins to the west† (Mislan, D. 2012). How did this all start? These protests started with the protests in Tunisia. Just like their Tunisian counterparts, â€Å"Egyptian protesters have pointed to a specific incident as inspiration for the unrest. Many have cited the June 2010 beating death of Khaled Said, allegedly at the hands of police, as motivation for their rage. But its also clear that the issues here are larger† (Prager, D. 2012). This seems to be complicated for the US more than Tunisia was. The â€Å"Tunisian regime was a key ally for the US in the fight against Al Qaeda. But the US governments t ies to Tunisias Ben Ali pale in comparison to American ties to Egypt. Shadi Hamid of the Brookings Institution, a centrist think tank, explains: Predictions that a Tunisia-like uprising will soon topple Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak are premature the Egyptian regime, with its well-paid military, is likely to be more unified and more ruthless than its Tunisian counterparts were. The U.S. is the primary benefactor of the Egyptian regime, which, in turn, has reliably supported American regional priorities. After Iraq, Afghanistan, and Israel, Egypt is the largest recipient of U.S. assistance, including $1.3 billion in annual military aid. In other words, if the army ever decides to shoot into a crowd of unarmed protestors, it will be shooting with hardware provided by the United States. As Steven Cook of the Council on Foreign Relations points out, the Egyptian military is not there to project power, but to protect the regime (History. 2012)†. There was a movement started in Egypt called the Egyptian Movement for Change (EMC). It also has another name called, Kefaya which in English means â€Å"Enough†. This came about in 2004. Almost immediately its importance to Egyptian political life was recognized, though not understood. Both Egyptian and Western analysts have mischaracterized the movement. Interpretations have been too narrow, focusing on specific details and ignoring the movement’s broad vision, or too broad, mistaking Kefaya for a generic social movement in the Western mode. All such approaches fail to  appreciate Kefaya’s real contribution. This essay argues that Kefaya’s significance lies in its transformative potential as a broad political force that is uniquely suited to the needs of the moment in Egypt. It is at once a cross-ideological force that has the potential, in the long run, of creating a new mainstream and a movement of a new kind that is creating a distinctive and promis ing form of politics for Egypt. Egypt’s political system has reached a dead end in the early twenty-first century. The opposition political parties are locked in their headquarters, unable to communicate with the public. Virtually acquiescing to the siege of an arsenal of restrictive laws, these political parties have for years suffered from an increasingly diminishing membership, a lack of operational funds, and internecine internal feuds. The â€Å"illegality† of the Muslim Brothers (MB) has paradoxically liberated that organization from restrictions that come with governmental licensing. However, the ideology, posture, secrecy, and political tactics of the grassroots-based MB engender the mistrust of many political forces, including some Islamists. At the same time, the secularist-Islamist polarization hinders the possibility of reaching any meaningful consensus on critical issues. This blockage is not lost on the regime, the clear beneficiary of such divisions among its adversaries, and it does not augur well for the future of the brothers in a lead role in shaping Egyptian political life. Amid this political disarray, a new generation of Egyptians holds the promise for transforming politics in Egypt. They have found a home and an instrument in Kefaya and in the process have invented a new form of politics. Their innovations are historically grounded on the specifics of Egypt’s political life in recent decades. Unique Egyptian circumstances have shaped their experiences, aspirations, and vision for the future. With the seething political discontent on the one hand and the ideologically based mistrust and mutual exclusion among the political forces on the other, Egypt needs today, more than ever, a new form of politics that pulls together diverse ideas from across the political spectrum to forge a new national project. For more than a decade, a group of activists and intellectuals have interacted across ideological lines to reach a common ground. Kefaya emerged as one manifestation of these efforts and as an important illustration of the possibilities of this new politics.  While such collaborative work across ideological lines is not unique in democratic experiences around the world, Kefaya represents the first successful effort of that sort in modern Egyptian politics. This essay, based on primary sources, including open-ended interviews, statements, newspaper articles, and reports, as well as unpublished documents, is composed of three main parts. The first part explains in more detail the reasons why Kefaya has been widely mischaracterized; the second illustrates why and how Kefaya represents a new force with the potential of creating a new mainstream; and the third explores the new politics invented by Kefaya. There has been Misunderstanding Kefaya Since its early days, there have been various critical interpretations of Kefaya by politicians and intellectuals alike, at times citing deficiencies in the movement’s profile, actions, and approach, while at other times dismissing the movement outright as being a â€Å"foreign puppet† or the pastime of â€Å"a bunch of kids.† The most serious and widely noted critique of Kefaya is that it has been essentially a mere protest movement, targeting President Mubarak personally, without putting forward an alternative candidate or articulating a constructive vision for political transformation. The critique along these lines has gained more momentum since the 2005 presidential election. Because Kefaya’s main slogan expressed the rejection of a fifth term for Mubarak as well as the succession of his son, the argument goes that Kefaya lost its raison d’etre with the end of the election. â€Å"Except for rejecting the election results, symbolized by the slogan of ‘Batel’, nothing new was produced.† When Kefaya played a leading role in the formation of the National Front for Change on the eve of the subsequent parliamentary elections, it was criticized as passing the torch to the old opposition parties, the very same entities whose inaction it has been formed to face. (Haas, F. 2008)†.The EMC had been â€Å"dragged into sitting together with the leaders of the tamed opposition, instead of putting forward a demand for changing the electoral system.† While critics clearly question Kefaya’s contribution to Egyptian politics, even the more positive assessments of the EMC mischaracterize it. For example, the American Left sees Kefaya as the beginning of â€Å"the process of rebuilding an Egyptian Left crushed by decades of police oppression† and a reverse of its â€Å"political marginalization caused by the rise of political Islam (Haas, F. 2008)†. Some Egyptian analysts as well characterize Kefaya  as a â€Å"secular† protest movement and thereby implicitly expect its role to be the containment of the Islamists. Kefaya has been so widely misunderstood in the West as well as among the Western-educated elite in Egypt because of the reliance on Western social scientific classifications, notably the social movement literature, to make sense of a phenomenon emerging from the very different Egyptian context. This shortcoming is compounded by looking at Kefaya with an ideologically selective eye. While Kefaya has indeed demonstrated several of the characteristics highlighted in the literature on new social movements, it is neither single issue oriented nor concerned with identity two of the most important features of new social movements. Shoehorning Kefaya into a category derived from the experience of postindustrial societies obscures more than it illuminates. Nevertheless, the concept of the new social movement comes closest to capturing certain features of Kefaya. The movement is one of dissent, aiming in a constant and persistent endeavor toward the transformation of Egypt.4 It is a loose network of small groupings around the country. Like social movements, it aims at generating public attention and has emerged from a realization of the perils involved in conventional party politics in Egypt, marked by debilitating restrictions and dilemmas. In other words, Kefaya emerges out of realization that the institutional channels are neither neutral nor amenable to the demands for change. However, unlike conventional social movements and because of the specific necessities of the Egyptian context, Kefaya is not focused on a single issue. The same, incidentally, is true of the Islamic movement whose platform also embraces a range of issues. In addition to the breadth of the issues addressed by Kefaya, the movement is ideologically diverse. In this way, it differs from the Islamic movement. While the latter has a concrete ideology shaping its project, Kefaya goes beyond any single ideology to be the only movement in contemporary Egypt that emerged out of serious political interactions across ideological lines. Approaching Kefaya through the prism of the social movement literature, with its American scholarship emphasis on resource mobilization and political processes, blinds analysis to this distinctive feature, which is in fact one of the most important contributions of Kefaya to Egypt’s political life. There is concern about the momentum behind Egypt’s emergency law, and what it means for progress both the incredible progress that has already been  made and the equally incredible progress that has yet to be made. There is concern about the treatment and status of the Copts and other members of the Christian Egyptian minority. There is concern about the security of the Egyptian–Israeli border and about relations between the two countries in general. There is concern that the progress that has been made thus far could actually lead to a reversal of Egypt’s progress, should the freedom to elect lead to a government that constricts the freedom of the Egyptian people even more than we have seen over the past 30 years And the list could go on. Indeed, there is no shortage of things about which to worry. There is a fine line between worrying and believing. Similarly, there is a fine line between two, seemingly contradictory, truths: Some degree of discontent with our present circumstances is healthy and necessary, because discontent fuels progress; at the same time, being happy requires that we make a point of being happy wherever we are. There is a fine and difficult line between making the best of our current reality and not giving up. It is necessary to think through all possible outcomes, including the undesirable and even the remote ones. Both worrying and believing are the result of thinking. Worry and anxiety result from focusing on undesirable outcomes no matter how probable or improbable. Belief, on the other hand, is the result of focusing on the best possible outcomes again, no matter how probable or improbable. Whereas worrying fuels panic and skepticism, believing fuels faith and hope. Positive action rarely results from the chaos, fear, or feelings of scarcity that often accompany worry. Faith and hope lead to trust and courage; and trust and courage lead to positive, prosaically action. So, yes, there does seem to be a great deal to worry about right now. Even still, if theres even the remotest possibility that believing instead of worrying will lead to continued progress, and then it seems to me that believing is what we have to do. Positive Psychology has been described by Martin Seligman and others as the science of what makes life worth living; of what is working for individuals, families, communities, and society more broadly. The Positive Psychology experiment with which we are now charged is to, together, choose belief over worry. At least between now and Egypts presidential election, let us together make a conscious, deliberate decision to focus on what is working and how it can lead to the best possible future for Egypt and for the world as a whole. References Mislan, D. (2012). Cross Cultural Perspectives. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Haas, F. (2008). German Science and Black RacismRoots of the Nazi Holocaust. FASEB Journal, 22(2), 332-337. History. (2012). Germany Country Review, 7-14. Ninkovich, F. (2001). The United States and Imperialism. Wiley-Blackwell. Pew Research Center. (2011, November 17). The American-Western European Values Gap. Retrieved fromhttp://www.pewglobal.org/2011/11/17/the-american-western-european-values-gap/ Prager, D. (2012). Still the Best Hope: Why the World Needs American Values to Triumph. HarperCollins.

How Electronic Commerce Is Affecting American Industry Essay example --

ELECTRONIC-Commerce How It Is Affecting American Industry The Internet over the past few years has seen a huge increase in online businesses and consumers. Electronic-commerce is expected to generate $36 billion in revenue during 1999, up 140% from last year alone.[1] With such a huge amount of money to be made on the Internet it is becoming very appealing for small businesses and start-up companies to try and make their niche in e-commerce. The Internet is drastically affecting the way companies and people conduct business now. E-commerce encourages growth in existing as well as new businesses because of lower overhead costs, the huge consumer base and the freedom of information flow. However the online revolution has created a large amount of competition for consumers between businesses despite the fact that the public does not yet have total confidence in the e-commerce market. The Internet is a free and seemingly boundless medium that is distributed to over 200 million people worldwide.[2] This creates a large market for companies that are competing on the Internet, which acts as a level playing field. Small companies can compete with larger vendors by getting their product and prices seen by anyone interested online while not being limited by their locale or to just their local area consumers. Another reason why e-commerce is so attractive are the low star-up costs required to start a company. A basic site can be created with as little as a couple hundred dollars, a computer and a little imagination. A business can then be run from a home or network instead of a large expensive building where many employees and machines are needed. Because of this online businesses can sell their products for much less by passing their ... ... Internet shopping is expected to increase by at least 50% into the millennium, which leaves much room for growth and new opportunities for new and adventurous companies.[4] E-commerce has opened up a new market in American industry that is forcing companies to become part of the online revolution or suffer the consequences in the long run. The freedom of the Internet combined with the huge amounts of information make for a more easily accessible environment that will revolutionize the way all business is conducted in the future. Notes 1. Shop.org. 30 October 1999. http://www.shop.org/nr/99/071999.html 2. NUA - Internet Surveys. 03 November 1999. http://www.nua.ie/surveys/how_many_online/index.html 3. C-Net. 1997. 30 October 1999. http://sellitontheweb.com/ezine/news0296.shtml 4. C-Net. 31 October 30, 1999. http://sellitontheweb.com/ezine/news0310.shtml

Marijuana Within Today’s Society

There has been a long term controversy over the legalization of Marijuana in the United State. Some believe it should be legal in the United States because it could â€Å"create a source of additional tax revenues and police and courts would be freed up for more serious crimes†. Others believe it should be an illegal drug because of its health risks. Marijuana should remain illegal in the United States as a schedule I controlled substance due to the many physical and psychological effects it has on it’s users as well as the harmful effects it has on today’s society.Marijuana acts on the brains reward system which governs the response to pleasurable things. Users of marijuana seek the euphoric feeling or â€Å"high† caused by the drug. THC enters the body and creates the high the marijuana user seeks by stimulating brain cells to release dopamine, which is a chemical found in the brain. Marijuana has many effects on the body, both short and long, though the re is limited research on the long lasting effects of marijuana use. The acute effects present during intoxication may include but are not limited to impairments to the short memory, attention, judgment, coordination, balance and other cognitive functions.Smoking marijuana may also distort the user’s depth perception. The heart rate of a person during their intoxication increases as well as their blood pressure. Just seconds after inhaling marijuana smoke the persons bronchial passages enlarge and relax. Blood vessels in the eye expand which commonly makes the user’s eyes look red or bloodshot. Users begin to feel relaxed, have heightened sensory perception, and altered perception of time. A User may laugh and have an increase in appetite after smoking marijuana.Large doses of marijuana sometimes lead to acute psychosis including hallucinations, delusions or a loss of sense of personal identity. Some users may have psychotic episodes such as anxiety, fear, distrust, pa nic and paranoia. After the euphoric feeling subsides or fades the person may feel depressed or tired. There is limited knowledge or information on the long term effects of smoking marijuana. Some studies suggest that effects on the brain can build up and deteriorate critical life skills over time. Effects often are worse for people with mental disorders, or simply by virtue of the normal aging process.Schizophrenia like disorders have been associated with the use of marijuana in vulnerable individuals. Long term users may have sleep impairment or suffer from insomnia. Chronic abuse of marijuana increases the risk of chronic cough or bronchitis. Smoking Marijuana has the same, if not worse, respiratory problems as tobacco, such as frequent acute chest illness and a risk of lung infection. Using Marijuana has the potential to create cancer of the lungs and other parts of the reparatory tract because marijuana contains irritants and carcinogens up to 70% more than tobacco smoke.Some b elieve that marijuana may impair the ability to form new memories and focus which makes learning, doing complicated tasks, participating in athletics and driving difficult. The effects of marijuana use can last days or even weeks after the acute effects wear off, which mean a daily user is functioning at a reduced intellectual level most or all of the time. Contrary to popular belief marijuana is an addictive drug. The use of marijuana has many harmful effects to the users but it also affects others who do not participate in the use of marijuana.The World Health Organization ranks the United States first among 17 European and North America countries for prevalent use of marijuana. In 2008, 2. 2 million Americans used marijuana for the first time and greater than half were under the age of 18. Because marijuana affects brain systems that are still maturing through young adulthood, its use by teens may have a negative effect on their development. 42% of United States high school gradu ates have tired marijuana. Marijuana smoking students compared to non-marijuana smoking students tend to have lower grades and a higher dropout rate.It is easily assumed that while being under the influence of marijuana driving would become more difficult because of the loss of coordination, balance and the perception of depth. The National Highway Traffic Administration issued a report stating that 18% of motor vehicle driver’s deaths involved drugs other than alcohol. 6. 8% of drivers, mostly under the age of 35, involved in accidents tested positive for THC. There many questions about the use of marijuana while a woman is pregnant.Even low amounts of THC, when administered during the prenatal period, could have profound and long lasting consequences on the brain and behavior of the unborn child. Marijuana exposed children show gaps in problem solving, memory and ability to remain attentive in a classroom setting. Marijuana also affects places of employment. In a study amon g postal workers, employees who tested positive for marijuana on a pre-employment urine drug test had 55% more industrial accidents, 85% more injuries and a 75% increase in absenteeism compared to those who tested negative for marijuana.There is a higher job turn over rate for people who choose to use marijuana and be employed. Employees who use marijuana tend to have more absences, tardiness, accidents and worker compensation claims. Marijuana use has adverse physical, mental, emotional and behavior effects. It causes students to perform poorly in school. Marijuana use affects many of it’s users at their place of employment due to being absent and causing more accidents in the work place making it unsafe for others.Many children are born with defects and behavior problems due to the poor judgment of their mothers, who partook in the use of marijuana during the prenatal period. The roads in America are polluted with drivers under the influence of marijuana whose judgment and motor skills are impaired. Marijuana should remain illegal in the United States due to the harmful effects on its users as well as innocent bystanders.

Floods and subsequent death Essay

Hurricane Katrina formed in the United States in the year 2005, causing floods and subsequent death many people. It is estimated that more than 1800 people lost their lives due to the hurricane. This data makes it the worst in the history of the United States since the year 1928. It is considered to have been the hurricane most costly and deadly in the history of the U. S and was considered a natural disaster. Among the affected places is St. Rita’s nursing home which has let to the trial of the owners Sal and Mabel Mangano. The nursing home was situated in New Orleans in St Bernard parish. It has been build 20 years before the hurricane struck. This home was situated in a depression in the ground. The approximate number of residents of the nursing home was 65 and out of these 35 of them died when the hurricane struck. This has led to the indictment of the owners the Manganos, after investigations were done on deaths at nursing homes and hospitals. Their trial was for negligent homicide where it was alleged that they willfully caused the deaths of 35 people by not evacuation them and also tying them to their beds. However I beg go differ with these allegations and they should not have been convicted for negligent homicide. Nursing Home Establishment Sal and Mabel Mangano were the owners so St. Rita’s nursing home having built it 20 years before the hurricane Katrina. The area where they built the nursing home had patches of terra firma. In marshlands this is a good area and the reason why they had considered it, was because in 1965 during the hurricane Betsy this is the only area that did not flood. In this consideration it means that with the establishment of the nursing home they had considered that incase there was a hurricane, there at St. Ritas it would not flood. This shows clearly that they would not have intentionally neglected their residents to suffer and drown in the floods and the subsequent death hence they should not have been convicted. For this consideration they had in mind that, just like in 1965 the hurricane was not going to affect them and for this reason they did not evacuate but instead they went up their one story building. A Show of Kindness During the time of imminent floods the Mangano’s has intended to safe other people by inviting them to St. Rita’s nursing home among these their staff and relatives as well as their won relatives. The reason they had done this was because they were kind enough and were ready to help other people. If they had a motive of willingly exposing their residents to flood and death they then could not have invited their resident. They had the best intention and they felt that they would not be affected by the floods and thus they did not neglect their residents or even wish for them to die. They had offered shelter to more than 25 people who had gladly accepted since they were exposed to the disaster of the hurricane. Safety Before the worst hurricane happened on 29th of august 2005, the mangano’s felt that everything was alright. They checked and inspected the area which showed that the ground were dry, the parking lot and the roof was also alright. However it is at this juncture that the hurricane struck. Sal mangano had herself gone outside with several other men to inspect the situation and ensure that everything was alright and that the people inside could not be in any danger whatsoever. Meaning they were concerned greatly about the safety of the people who were already inside at St. Rita’s nursing home, they could have done anything to ensure that these people were safe. The Hurricane Katrina Even when the hurricane struck the manago’s did not neglect heir resident in cat they went inside and tried to fortify the windows and the doors in desperation of trying to protect them. All the same a strong wind and a strong flow of water hit the nursing home’s walls and even penetrated inside, rising in the building. The mangano’s alongside their relatives some of them as well as their staff worked relentlessly during this time of the floods and also made frantic efforts to safe the people at the nursing home. This means all this time what they had intended was the good of the people at the nursing home and more than anything they used their judgment with the utmost good intentions of saving the people. Conclusion According to the law in the united sates of America the Louisiana requirement is that an evacuation plan should be in the nursing home but id does not state about being mandatory during an actual o evacuation. The law also recognizes a safe place and allows the nursing home to evacuate to such a place In this context the mangano’s did not willfully ignore these rules because they did everything that they could in fortifying their doors and windows in an effort to make their residents secure and to protect them from harm fro the Katrina hurricane and to protect them from drowning as well. St Rita’s nursing home was for the elderly people and others with special needs. One of the reason s why then mangano’s did not evacuate them is because they felt that by moving the people they would have been doing more harm than good, since most of the frail ones would have suffered or even died in transit. This again comes to show that the mangano’s made one judgment which was in consideration of their residents to protect them more than to harm them. The mangano’s did not at any one time leave or abandon their residents, they were there themselves and they had also invited their relatives and other people to offer them shelter, if they were willingly exposing them to danger they would not have invited their relatives and they also so would have rescued themselves leaving their residents to die. Therefore, the mangano’s used their judgment and safety measures. They felt that this area where the nursing home was situated probably could not be affected by the hurricane. They should not have been convicted of negligent homicide for the above reasons. References: Carrie Khan, Nursing home owners not guilty. 5th December, 2008. http//www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=14261612 Dawn Fratangelo, what happened at St Rita’s Nursing Home? 3rd march, 2006. Http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/11658446 Paul Rioux, St. Rita’s owners say no help was offered before Katrina hit, 15th September, 2005. http//seniorjournal. com/NEWS/Eldercare/5-09-15StRitaNoHelp. htm

Early American Literature Test Atkins 2017 Essays

Early American Literature Test Atkins 2017 Essays Early American Literature Test Atkins 2017 Paper Early American Literature Test Atkins 2017 Paper Essay Topic: Poetry What does the speaker claim at the beginning of To My Dear and Loving Husband? Her relationship is the best that there ever was. Which description from Upon the Burning of Our House shows the speakers belief that faith in God is more important than earthly possessions? moldering dust The speaker of Upon the Burning of Our House reveals her belief that God is protective when she says that God will provide everything she needs Bradstreet uses hyperbole in the first four lines of To My Dear and Loving Husband to exaggerate the truth that she and her husband love each other The speaker of Upon the Burning of Our House learns of the fire when she wakes up during the night and hears people screaming Which line from Upon the Burning of Our House indicates that the speaker misses her home after it burns down? There lay that store I counted best The hope and treasure that the speaker refers to at the end of Upon the Burning of Our House represent eternal life and happiness from faith in God Which of the following is the major theme of Anne Bradstreets poem The Author to Her Book? The parent-child relationship In The Author to Her Book, why does Bradstreet use the metaphysical conceit of an illegitimate orphan to describe her book of poetry? * She feels that the poems were taken from her and thrown out into the world Anne Bradstreet is mainly known for writing poems about all of the following except for politics Which of the following is a recurring theme in Bradstreets work? Puritan belief that one must not become too attached to things of the world Anne Bradstreet is considered the first American poet (true or false) True In Huswifery, the poet compares the speaker to a loom What does the poet of Huswifery use to show that practicing faith is an everyday activity? a metaphor that compares practicing faith to making cloth The speaker in Huswifery hopes to be ready for eternal life In Huswifery, what does the metaphor that compares the speaker with a loom and God with a weaver suggest about Puritan life? Making cloth at home was an everyday activity. Both Bradstreet and Taylor have written poetry that expresses the daily challenges of living in the new world Another common element both Bradstreet and Taylor share is that they use their poetry to express the view that God does not desert people Edward Taylors main profession was minister Although Taylors poems were written in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, they were not available to the public until 200 years later Taylors poems were discovered in this universitys library in 1937 Yale Taylors poems are usually put into 2 groups, Preparatory Meditations and Gods Determinations Only one book of poetry was found amongst Edward Taylors possessions. This book was written by Anne Bradstreet Taylors poems are primarily addressed to God and/or Christ As part of his Meditations organizational method, the poems typically involve 3 faculties of the soulMemory, Understanding, and Will What was the preferred name for communion among the Puritans? The Lords Supper Which of the following forms best describes traditional Native American literatures in origin? oral performance Before the American Revolution, in what language was the largest book printed in any of the thirteen colonies? German Which of the following European navigators did not sail the Atlantic directly to the Americas during the century after Columbuss first voyage? Vasco da Gama Which of the following foods did European colonists bring to the Americas? Wheat, onions, radishes and sugar cane. Among the hundred people on the Mayflower when it landed in Massachusetts in 1620, how many were Separatists? about one quarter Who wrote The Selling of Joseph, one of the earliest antislavery tracts written and published in North America? Samuel Sewall By what means did Native Americans record their experience of European invasion and colonialism? shellwork belts, written texts, and painted animal hides, tepees, and shields What famous work, collecting the literary productions of countless European mariners, was edited by Richard Hakluyt? The Principal Navigations For two centuries after its name was changed to New York in 1664, what language continued to be used widely in public and private life? Dutch Which of the following languages was not spoken by Native Americans in 1492? Tamil Which of the following is an accurate statement about the difference between Native Americans and European colonists in 1492? Unlike most of the Native Americans, the European colonists used a written alphabet Whose writing best typifies early American writing as a literature of witness to the ruthless destruction of Native American cultures by Europeans? Bartolome de las Casas By what means did Cortà ©s seek to justify his invasion of Mexico in violation of directives from Spain? * sending several long letters to Charles V and promising lavish returns if his conquest could proceed. Of what cause did native people begin to die almost immediately after the arrival of Europeans in the Americas? war, enslavement, brutal mistreatment, diseases brought from Europe With what European literary movement came recognition from a Western perspective of Native American verbal expression as a literature? Romanticism Under what condition did Columbus return to Spain in 1500? in chains Which of the following was a type of writing practiced by the prolific writer and clergyman Cotton Mather? moral invectives against the institution of slavery Which of the following is not a primary purpose that colonists sent written texts to Europe? to counter Native American responses to European chronicles of events Which European nation most aggressively expanded its presence in the Americas through colonial conquest? Spain Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of Native American Literature? Ornate and elevated language Which of the following is not one of the Main Purposes of European Explorers Literature? to recruit skilled sailors to crew the increased demand for the number of ships traveling to the New World One of the characteristics of Puritan Literature is that it makes strong use of personification, alliteration, simile, metaphor, and__________________ repetition The Puritans modeled their plain style of writing off of which version of The Bible? Geneva In the earliest of years associated with American Literature, the majority of what was written came from: European Explorers What happened after the Pilgrims discovered that they had landed on Cape Cod? They considered heading for the Hudson River, but were blocked by rocks and rough seas. 2. To what cause does Bradford attribute the weakening of the Plymouth community, starting about 1632? Prosperity With how many ships did the Pilgrims set forth from Holland in 1620? two After establishing their colony at Plymouth, the Pilgrims faced a difficult first winter. How many of the original one hundred survived this first season? fifty Why was the contractual agreement known as the Mayflower Compact necessary? Mutinous members of the company sought to take advantage of the fact that their charter had been for Virginia, and the ship had landed far outside of that jurisdiction. Which person established a mad Bacchanalian settlement at Merrymount that disgusted Bradford with its lewd and shiftless behavior? Thomas Morton Upon their arrival on Cape Cod, what did the Pilgrims find to sustain them in their trials? God and His grace What did the colonists do first when they arrived in North America? fell on their knees and blessed God The First Encounter is the name the colonists gave to their first experience with Native Americans Which detail shows that fairness was a cultural characteristic of the colonists? The colonists repaid the Nauset Indians when they took the Nausets corn and beans Which sentence is the best summary of The Starving Time? Many people died, and the few strong people took care of the weak. Squanto helped the colonists by interpreting for them What problem did the colonists encounter upon their arrival at Cape Cod? There was a lack of shelter in the face of brutal winter conditions. William Bradfords description of the colonists victory in the First Encounter reveals the cultural characteristic that the colonists felt that God protected them in their endeavors Bradford gives special recognition to William Brewster and Myles Standish because they worked tirelessly to care for the people during a period of sickness and starvation What cultural characteristic of the colonists is most evident in this term from the treaty with Massasoit? If any did unjustly war against him, they would aid him; if any did war against them, he should aid them. belief in mutual support Summarize the conditions the Pilgrims faced at the time of the First Thanksgiving. The harvest was small, but game and corn were plentiful. Accounts of real-life historical experiences, written by either a person who experienced those events or someone who studied or observed them are called historical narratives Letters, diaries, journals, speeches, autobiographies, and histories are examples of primary sources Records of events written by people who were not directly involved in the events are called secondary sources Puritanism covered a period from 1550s to 1700 All of the following are lasting effects of the Puritans except for high fashion style The Puritan belief that good was accomplished through hard work, self-reliance, and self-discipline is called the Puritan Ethic William Bradford served as governor of the Plymouth Colony for how many terms? 15 Bradfords Of Plymouth Plantation was lost for how many years? 200 Smith says that the other Jamestown leaders were lazy during times of peace When Smith as the narrator says he built others shelters before he built his own, he is portraying his actions as unselfish Restate The President and Captain Archer not long after intended also to have abandoned the country, which project was curbed and suppressed by Smith. Smith stopped the President and Captain Archer from leaving the colony How was Smith saved from death in Powhatans court Pocahontas offered her life for Smiths The Native Americans were important to the colonists because they brought food to the colonists What is the most likely reason that President Ratcliffe and Martin appointed Smith to oversee the activities outside the walls of the colony Smith worked harder than everyone else The narrators comment the what he carefully provided the rest carelessly spent allows Smith to portray himself as more sensible than the other colonists Smith includes descriptions of the disagreements among the Jamestown leaders because he feels it is better to reveal shame than ignore it Smiths comment that while himself by following sought them victuals means that Smith hunted birds to get food for them What does Smiths description of giving gifts to the Native Americans reveal about His reference to the gifts as toys suggest that he viewed Powhatan and his people as childlike In New Englands Trials, Smith says that how many men accompanied him on his initial journeys? 8 Interpret Thus you may see plainly the yearly success from New England (by Virginia) which hath been so costly to this kingdom and dear to me His journey to the New England area was a waste of his efforts In A Description of New England, Smith says that his purpose is: have towns send their orphans and young married people to settle New England Smiths writing style can best be described as action oriented propaganda By writing about himself in the 3rd person, Smith creates this type of effect on his writing a tall-tale feel One possible reason Smith wrote about himself in the 3rd person, is so that he could gain a higher government position All of the following are themes in Smiths General History except for living a quiet life int the country At 1 point Smith uses 1 of the Native American guides as a shield during a violent encounter. What should this action tell us about Smith? devalued Native American lives John Smith is credited with all of the following excerpt for Survived a fall from a 1000 foot high waterfall After his life is spared, Smith gives Powhatan 2 guns and a grindstone All of the following are reasons Smith considered the journey to America ill-advised except for their boat had several leaks When the Indians decide to spare the colonists, Smith attributes their change of heart to Gods blessing Wingfield, the colonys first president, was removed from office because he hoarded food and tried to escape with one of the ships How many people died within the first four months of the colonys existence? 50 In New Englands Trials, Smith says that Native Americans killed the English because They wanted their weapons and commodities accounts of real-life historical experiences, written by either a person who experienced those events or someone who studied or observed them Historical Narratives the way in which a literary work is put together the arrangement of its parts Structure a type of folktale that features an animal or human character who typically engages in deceit, violence, and magic Trickster Tale A form of autobiographical writing that shares personal experiences as well as observations of significant historical events or people memoir the ideas, details, and social context from the authors time that influence the written work Historical Context Folk tales, myths, fables, and legends passed orally from one generation to the next Folk Literature When a writer writes for one of these reasons: to inform, entertain, express, or persuade purpose materials written by people present at the event Primary sources a traditional story, usually involving supernatural beings that explains how some aspect of human nature came to be Myth a figure of speech that compares 2 things that have something in common Metaphor an indirect reference to a person, place, event, or literary work with which the author believes the reader will be familiar Allusion character types that can be found in literary works from different cultures throughout the ages Archetypes that were once in common use but that are now considered old-fashioned or out-of-date Archaic Language records of events written by people who were not directly involved in the events secondary sources a comparison between 2 essentially unlike things that nevertheless have something in common extended metaphor sentence structure in which the expected order or words inverted syntax a specific kind of myth typically describing how the universe, earth and life began creation myth person(s) who are intended to read a piece of writing audience language that communicates ideas beyond literal meaning of words figurative language messages designed to persuade an audience by creating strong feelings emotional appeals

Strategic Business IT Usage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Business IT Usage - Essay Example Positive results have already been observed due to the organization's initiative in the utilization of information technology in the country. Farmers have been able to maximize their produce through the different information that they obtain from telecentres ("Southern Africa," n.d.). The internet encourages global marketing and promotion, however remained explored by the community thus farmers are but confined to the selling of their goods locally. They were not equipped with sufficient information on maximizing the use of the internet to optimize returns eventually leading to a sustainable production. Zambian community may be considered an amateur in the field of information technology. They have not yet been equipped with adequate information regarding the maximization of IT in business strategies. Conversely, there may have been a number of the Zambian community who are aware of such yet they do not have the necessary knowledge and skills, as well as equipments that are significant in this advancement. This need must be addressed appropriately in order to optimize the positive results that the Zambian community has been experiencing lately through the use of information technology. One important aspect in sustaining a business is to develop a wide range of market for which it will be able to move freely and competitively. With the help of the world wide web through the internet, farmers and businessmen in Zambia will be able to obtain various information on increasing their profits and productivity. Extensive IT training and use is deemed appropriate in this situation in order to deal with this need. The training that will be provided for in the group will include the use of the different internet sites in which farmers and businessmen can promote and market their produce and products. They will be provided with sufficient knowledge and skills in which they will use successfully in order to attain sustainability and larger profit. Q3. What is your intended general research approach style and method For this research, it is necessary to find out how much does the Zambian community know about information technology. The extent in which the Zambian community utilize the different aspects of IT must be identified in order to locate in which aspects of the field are they not well familiar with, as much as the areas in which they do not know of. The project requires that there should be an intensive research done on the number of entrepreneurs, as well as small scale farmers, who utilizes the World Wide Web as a marketing medium for the promotion of their products. Ones the group is identified, they will also be asked regarding the areas in the use of information technology that they are well aware of. A set of questionnaires that will address to these needs will be distributed among various them that are identified to be the ones significantly affected by the development of IT. The respondents of this study

Explaining the assertions in the quotation in your own words Essay

Explaining the assertions in the quotation in your own words - Essay Example In other words, the quotist asserts that a tyrant does not need to face an electorate to approve his leadership, since it is authoritarian. On this note, the author asserts that in a democracy, politicians use languages that are polite, and convincing to lie to the people on the importance of their policies, and why they ought to take office. In his own opinion, in a democracy, there is no honesty, and people take power through dishonest means, for purposing of advancing their own agendas, at the expense of the citizens of the state. The author also asserts that, in a democracy, a leader is praised by the same crowd when he is doing good, and his failures unknown. Immediately his failures are known, he faces hostility from the same crowd that praised him before. On this note, the author asserts that in a democracy, in as much as leaders are not honest, people are also not honest. They are unstable in their minds, concerning a particular leader, or policy, and on this note, they do not know what they need. Their needs are only defined by those in authority. The author further asserts that the people of Thebes cannot manage democracy. He is of the opinion that, the people cannot form true judgments, and therefore lack the ability to govern a state. He also asserts that, people in Thebes are so much pre-occupied with economic benefits that they do not put their minds on politics. On this note, the author asserts that democracy gives an opportunity to a person with no values and morality, to take office. The person depends on his wealth, and once in office, he will serve his own interests. Some of the assertions on this quote are right, and some are wrong. For instance, the assertion that in a democracy a ruler must consult in order to enact a policy is true (Tilly, 51). Democracy provides an opportunity to the citizens of the state, to engage themselves in the governance of their state (Kraut, 41). In a democracy, people choose their